Sometimes the cells on the inside of the milk ducts become abnormal in shape and size, and start to multiply in an uncontrolled way. They are contained in the milk ducts. These cancerous cells are called ‘pre-invasive’ breast cancer or ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS).

The causes are unknown. DCIS can occur at any age, most commonly in women between the ages of 50-59.

HOW IT FEELS: Most often, DCIS is discovered by chance during mammography, but sometimes a symptomatic change is noticed. The symptoms may be a lump, thickening, nipple change or nipple discharge.

WHAT YOU NEED: Investigations include clinical breast examination, imaging and biopsy, often core biopsy.

Treatment includes surgery, with or without radiotherapy. Hormonal therapies are sometimes used, but not usually chemotherapy. Regular check-ups are recommended after treatment.